Jude Bellingham scored to put Dortmund on course for an upset win before City hit back through a penalty by Riyad Mahrez and Foden's goal.
City is still going for an unprecedented quadruple of major trophies this season, having reached the final of the English League Cup, the semifinals of the FA Cup and taken an 11-point lead in the Premier League.
City, which is 14 points clear of second-place Manchester United, still requires a maximum of 11 points to regain the title and has six games left.
Midfielder Kevin De Bruyne secured improved terms on Wednesday with a two-year extension that contracts him to City until 2025.
Dortmund midfielder Jude Bellingham had his shot on target disallowed after the referee controversially cautioned him for fouling City goalkeeper Ederson just outside the box in the Champions League.
Foden netted City's 90th-minute goal to clinch a 2-1 victory over Haaland's Borussia Dortmund in the first leg of their Champions League quarterfinal.
He is also the youngest player to reach 20 goals in the Champions League — at 20 years, 231 days — and he got to that milestone in just 14 games, also a record.
It has become a regular occurrence at the club in recent seasons, and usually strikes when everything appears to be going well.
A major subplot in Tuesday’s Champions League quarterfinal between City and Borussia Dortmund — particularly in light of the announcement about Aguero’s departure — centers around Erling Haaland
The 32-year-old Argentina striker has 257 goals for City, the most famous being his stoppage-time winner against Queens Parks Rangers on the final day of the 2011-12 season that clinched the team its first league title in 44 years.
The 2-0 win over Everton took City to the last four stage in the competition for the third year in a row for the first time since 1932.
Manchester City registered an easy 2-0 win over Borussia Monchengladbach to reach the quarterfinals.
A 3-0 victory over Fulham on Saturday moved Pep Guardiola's side 17 points ahead of second-place Manchester United, but having played two games more.
The second leg of their Champions League last-16 game next Tuesday was relocated from Manchester to the Puskas Arena in the Hungarian capital.
The divergence in fortunes of City and United over the past five weeks — they were separated by just a point at the top of the standings on Jan. 27 — has been dramatic.
Manchester City go a club-tying 28 games unbeaten after beating Wolves 4-1 in the Premier League.
Manchester United and Leicester are tied for points as City’s nearest rivals, and both play Sunday.
So, can his latest iteration at Manchester City — a relentless, record-shattering team closing in on another English Premier League title — end the wait?
Raheem Sterling took only 80 seconds to meet Riyad Mahrez's cross at Arsenal to clinch a 1-0 victory for Manchester City, who have won 18 games on the trot now.
Everton was the latest team to be brushed aside by Pep Guardiola’s side, with City winning 3-1 at Goodison Park.
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